Biofield and Electric Body

Bridging Ancient Knowledge and Modern Science, Contextualizing and Demystifying Energy Medicine

Authors

  • Federico Emmanuel Miraglia California Institute for Human Science

Keywords:

biofield; biofield science; biofield healing; subtle energy; life force; morphogenetic fields; electric body; electromedicine; electropollution; geocosmic fields.

Abstract

The multidimensionality of human beings had been intuited since ancient times and is currently being investigated by modern science, with a cross-cultural and interdisciplinary approach. The novel concept of biofield is gaining popularity, because it encompasses physical and non-physical fields that would regulate the development and functions of biological organisms, explaining many unsolved mysteries of life science. Theoretical models have been formulated to describe these fields and their impact on physical reality: While electromagnetic fields can be experimentally measured and are thus already recognized in mainstream academia, their role in life science seems to be more important than commonly believed. Subtler non-physical fields may also exist and their relation to the physical world should be investigated as well. Within this framework, therapeutic and diagnostic modalities, based on energy, find a new context of existence, because their mechanisms of action and efficacy can be studied scientifically. Understanding the human bioenergetic anatomy, and its interaction with the Earth and cosmic environment, can lead to important advancements in the way we approach healthcare. Extending the materialistic-reductionistic paradigm to a holistic one would provide a more integrated and accurate worldview of science, medicine, and life.

References

Abdolmaleki, A., Sanginabadi, F., Rajabi, A., & Saberi, R. (2012). The effect of electromagnetic waves exposure on blood parameters. International Journal of Hematology Oncology and Stem Cell Research, 6(2), 13-16.

Ahuja, Y. R., Sharma, S., & Bahadur, B. (2013). Autism: An epigenomic side-effect of excessive exposure to electromagnetic fields. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 5(4), 171-177. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJMMS12.135

Akimov, A. (2004). Torsion technologies are technologies of the XXIst century. New Energy Technologies, 16(1), 2-11.

Akimov, A. E., & Shipov, G. I. (1997). Torsion fields and their experimental manifestations. Journal of New Energy, 2(2), 67-84.

Al Abdulgader, A., McCraty, R., Atkinson, M., Dobyns, Y., Vainoras, A., Ragulskis, M., & Stolc, V. (2018). Long-term study of heart rate variability responses to changes in the solar and geomagnetic environment. Scientific Reports, 8(1), Article 2663. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-20932-x

Al-Faqeeh, I. J., Abu-Jafar, M., & Abdelraziq, I. R. (2015). The effect of the electromagnetic radiation from high voltage transformers on students health in Hebron district. International Journal of Geology, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, 3(1), 75-81.

Alegría-Torres, J. A., Baccarelli, A., & Bollati, V. (2011). Epigenetics and lifestyle. Epigenomics, 3(3), 267-277. https://doi.org/10.2217/epi.11.22

Amani, T., Surenthar, M., & Prethipa, R. (2024). Frontier breakthroughs: A comprehensive review of diathermy in dentistry with a focus on oral medicine. Cureus, 16(4), Article e57427. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.57427

Anway, M. D., Cupp, A. S., Uzumcu, M., & Skinner, M. K. (2005). Epigenetic transgenerational actions of endocrine disruptors and male fertility. Science, 308(5727), 1466-1469. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1108190

Avci, P., Gupta, A., Sadasivam, M., Vecchio, D., Pam, Z., Pam, N., & Hamblin, M. R. (2013). Low-level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) in skin: Stimulating, healing, restoring. Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery, 32(1), 41-52.

Babker, A. (2023). Impact of the Flexner's report on health professional education. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 19(3), 939-941. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.19.3.1888

Bairaktaridou, A., Lytras, D., Kottaras, I., Iakovidis, P., Kottaras, A., & Chasapis, G. (2021). The role of electrotherapy in the treatment of symptoms of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. National Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics, 5(2), 27-29. https://doi.org/10.33545/orthor.2021.v5.i2a.279

Baltus, E., Edström, J. E., Janowski, M., Hanocq-Quertier, J., Tencer, R., & Brachet, J. (1968). Base composition and metabolism of various RNA fractions in Acetabularia Mediterranea. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 59(2), 406-413. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.59.2.406

Beck, A. H. (2004). The Flexner report and the standardization of American medical education. JAMA, 291(17), 2139-2140. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.17.2139

Becker, R. O. (1990). Cross currents: The perils of electropollution, the promise of electromedicine. Penguin Group.

Becker, R. O., & Marino, A. A. (2010). Electromagnetism & life. Cassandra Publishing.

Becker, R. O., & Selden, G. (1998). The body electric: Electromagnetism and the foundation of life. William Morrow.

Becker, R. O., & Spadaro, J. A. (1972). Electrical stimulation of partial limb regeneration in mammals. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 48(4), 627-641.

Behe, M. J. (2004). Irreducible complexity: Obstacle to Darwinian evolution. In W. A. Dembski, & M. Ruse (Eds.), Debating design: From Darwin to DNA (pp. 352-370). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511804823.020

Behe, M. J. (2006). Darwin's black box: The biochemical challenge to evolution. Free Press.

Beloussov, L. V. (2008). “Our standpoint different from common...” (Scientific heritage of Alexander Gurwitsch). Russian Journal of Developmental Biology, 39(5), 307-315. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062360408050081

Beloussov, L. V., Opitz, J. M., & Gilbert, S. F. (1997). Life of Alexander G. Gurwitsch and his relevant contribution to the theory of morphogenetic fields. International Journal of Developmental Biology, 41(6), 771-779.

Belpomme, D., & Irigaray, P. (2022). Why electrohypersensitivity and related symptoms are caused by non-ionizing man-made electromagnetic fields: An overview and medical assessment. Environmental Research, 212(Pt A), Article 113374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.113374

Benford, M. S. (1999). "Spin Doctors": A new paradigm theorizing the mechanism of bioenergy healing. Journal of Theoretics, 1(2), 1-9.

Berger, M. J., Adewuyi, A. A., Fox, I. K., & Franz, C. K. (2022). Clinical electrodiagnostic evaluation for nerve transfer surgery in spinal cord injury: A new indication and clinical pearls. Journal of Neurophysiology, 128(4), 847-853. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00289.2022

Beri, K. (2018). A future perspective for regenerative medicine: Understanding the concept of vibrational medicine. Future Science OA, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.4155/fsoa-2017-0097

BioInitiative Working Group, Sage, C., & Carpenter, D. O. (Eds.) (2012). BioInitiative report: A rationale for a biologically-based public exposure standard for electromagnetic radiation. https://bioinitiative.org

Bischof, M. (2000). Field concepts and the emergence of a holistic biophysics. In L. V. Beloussov, F. A. Popp, V. L. Voeikov, & R. van Wijk (Eds.), Biophotonics and coherence systems (pp. 1-25). Moscow University Press.

Bischof, M. (2005, March). Biophotons – The light in our cells. Journal of Optometric Phototherapy, 1-5.

Biswas, K., Nayek, A. K., Basu, J., Ghosh, A., & Giri, P. (2017). Are mobile radiations harmful for bacteria? A case study. International Journal of Advanced Research, 5(7), 1624-1629. https://doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/4877

Boon, P., Raedt, R., de Herdt, V., Wyckhuys, T., & Vonck, K. (2009). Electrical stimulation for the treatment of epilepsy. Neurotherapeutics, 6(2), 218-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurt.2008.12.003

Brockelman, W. Y., & Schilling, D. (1984). Inheritance of stereotyped gibbon calls. Nature, 312(5995), 634-636. https://doi.org/10.1038/312634a0

Brown, D., Chevalier, G., & Hill, M. (2010). Pilot study on the effect of grounding on delayed-onset muscle soreness. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 16(3), 265-273. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2009.0399

Brown, R., Chevalier, G., & Hill, M. (2015). Grounding after moderate eccentric contractions reduces muscle damage. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine, 6, 305-317. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S87970

Brunt, V. E., & Minson, C. T. (2021). Heat therapy: Mechanistic underpinnings and applications to cardiovascular health. Journal of Applied Physiology, 130(6), 1684-1704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00141.2020

Burch, J. B., Reif, J. S., Noonan, C. W., & Yost, M. G. (2000). Melatonin metabolite levels in workers exposed to 60-Hz magnetic fields: Work in substations and with 3-phase conductors. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 42(2), 136-142. https://doi.org/10.1097/00043764-200002000-00006

Burr, H. S., & Northrop, F. S. C. (1935). The electro-dynamic theory of life. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 10(3), 322-333. https://doi.org/10.1086/394488

Cajochen, C., Altanay-Ekici, S., Münch, M., Frey, S., Knoblauch, V., & Wirz-Justice, A. (2013). Evidence that the lunar cycle influences human sleep. Current Biology, 23(15), 1485-1488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.06.029

Cambiaghi, M., & Parent, A. (2018). From Aldini’s galvanization of human bodies to the modern Prometheus. Medicina Historica, 2(1), 27-37.

Carovac, A., Smajlovic, F., & Junuzovic, D. (2011). Application of ultrasound in medicine. Acta Informatica Medica, 19(3), 168-171. https://doi.org/10.5455/aim.2011.19.168-171

Carter Miles, N. (2023, September 9). ‘Very little yield’: Has genetically targeted medicine really made us healthier? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2023/sep/09/precision-medicine-targeted-personal-human-genome-genetics-tailored

Caswell, J. M., Dotta, B. T., & Persinger, M. A. (2014). Cerebral biophoton emission as a potential factor in non-local human-machine interaction. NeuroQuantology, 12(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.14704/nq.2014.12.1.713

Cavagna, A., Giardina, I., Mora, T., & Walczak, A. M. (2018). Physical constraints in biological collective behaviour. Current Opinion in Systems Biology, 9, 49-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coisb.2018.03.002

Chad, D. A. (2002). Electrodiagnostic approach to the patient with suspected motor neuron disease. Neurologic Clinics, 20(2), 527-555. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8619(01)00011-1

Chaput, J.-P., Weippert, M., LeBlanc, A. G., Hjorth, M. F., Michaelsen, K. F., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Tremblay, M. S., Barreira, T. V., Broyles, S. T., Fogelholm, M., Hu, G., Kuriyan, R., Kurpad, A., Lambert, E. V., Maher, C., Maia, J., Matsudo, V., Olds, T., Onywera, V., … Sjödin, A. M. (2016). Are children like werewolves? Full moon and its association with sleep and activity behaviors in an international sample of children. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 4, Article 24. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2016.00024

Cherry, N. (2002). Schumann resonances, a plausible biophysical mechanism for the human health effects of solar/geomagnetic activity. Natural Hazards, 26(3), 279-331. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015637127504

Cherry, N. (2003). Schumann resonance and sunspot relations to human health effects in Thailand. Natural Hazards, 29(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022949016899

Chevalier, G. (2014). Grounding the human body improves facial blood flow regulation: Results of a randomized, placebo controlled pilot study. Journal of Cosmetics, Dermatological Sciences and Applications, 4(5), 293-308. https://doi.org/10.4236/jcdsa.2014.45039

Chevalier, G. (2015). The effect of grounding the human body on mood. Psychological Reports, 116(2), 534-542. https://doi.org/10.2466/06.PR0.116k21w5

Chevalier, G., & Mori, K. (2007). The effect of earthing on human physiology. Part 2: Electrodermal measurements. Subtle Energies & Energy Medicine, 18(3), 11-34.

Chevalier, G., & Sinatra, S. T. (2011). Emotional stress, heart rate variability, grounding, and improved autonomic tone: Clinical applications. Integrative Medicine: A Clinician's Journal, 10(3), 16-21.

Chevalier, G., Mori, K., & Oschman, J. L. (2006). The effect of earthing (grounding) on human physiology. European Biology and Bioelectromagnetics, 2(1), 600-621.

Chevalier, G., Patel, S., Weiss, L., Chopra, D., & Mills, P. J. (2019). The effects of grounding (earthing) on bodyworkers’ pain and overall quality of life: A randomized controlled trial. Explore, 15(3), 181-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2018.10.001

Chevalier, G., Patel, S., Weiss, L., Pruitt, C., Henry, B., Chopra, D., & Mills, P. J. (2018). Effects of grounding (earthing) on massage therapists: An exploratory study. Health, 10(2), 228-250. https://doi.org/10.4236/health.2018.102019

Chevalier, G., Sinatra, S. T., Oschman, J. L., & Delany, R. M. (2013). Earthing (grounding) the human body reduces blood viscosity – A major factor in cardiovascular disease. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 19(2), 102-110. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2011.0820

Chevalier, G., Sinatra, S. T., Oschman, J. L., Sokal, K., & Sokal, P. (2012). Earthing: Health implications of reconnecting the human body to the Earth’s surface electrons. Journal of Environmental and Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/291541

Ching, P.-Y., Hsu, T.-W., Chen, G.-W., Pan, C.-C., Chu, C.-S., & Chou, P.-H. (2022). Efficacy and tolerability of cranial electrotherapy stimulation in the treatment of anxiety: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, Article 899040. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.899040

Choi, J. M., & di Maria, G. (2021). Electrodiagnostic testing for disorders of peripheral nerves. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 37(2), 209-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2021.01.010

Cianni, L., di Gialleonardo, E., Coppola, D., Capece, G., Libutti, E., Nannerini, M., Maccauro, G., & Vitiello, R. (2024). Current evidence using pulsed electromagnetic fields in osteoarthritis: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(7), Article 1959. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13071959

Clay Clark, A. (2008). Protein folding: Are we there yet? Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 469(1), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2007.10.007

Clements-Croome, D. (2004). Electromagnetic environments and health in buildings. Spon Press.

Cohen, S., & Popp, F. A. (1997). Biophoton emission of the human body. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 40(2), 187-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1011-1344(97)00050-x

Collias, N. E. (1964). The evolution of nests and nest-building in birds. American Zoologist, 4(2), 175-190. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/4.2.175

Cornélissen, G., Halberg, F., Breus, T., Syutkina, E. V., Baevsky, R., Weydahl, A., Watanabe, Y., Otsuka, K., Siegelova, J., Fiser, B., & Bakken, E. E. (2002). Non-photic solar associations of heart rate variability and myocardial infarction. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 64(5-6), 707-720. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6826(02)00032-9

Ćosić, I., Cvetković, D., Fang, Q., Jovanov, E., & Lazoura, H. (2006). Human electrophysiological signal responses to ELF Schumann resonance and artificial electromagnetic fields. FME Transactions, 34(2), 93-103.

Couzin, I. D. (2009). Collective cognition in animal groups. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(1), 36-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2008.10.002

Couzin, I. D. (2018). Synchronization: The key to effective communication in animal collectives. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 22(10), 844-846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2018.08.001

Creath, K., & Schwartz, G. E. (2005). What biophoton images of plants can tell us about biofields and healing. Journal of Scientific Exploration, 19(4), 531-550.

Creighton, T. E. (1990). Protein folding. Biochemical Journal, 270(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2700001

Cruz-Cabeza, A. J. (2016). Crystal structure prediction: Are we there yet? Acta Crystallographica Section B: Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials, 72(Pt 4), 437-438. https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052520616011367

Curtis, B. D., & Hurtak, J. J. (2004). Consciousness and quantum information processing: Uncovering the foundation for a medicine of light. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 10(1), 27-39. https://doi.org/10.1089/107555304322848931

Dale, C. (2009). The subtle body: An encyclopedia of your energetic anatomy. Sounds True.

Darwin, C. (1859). On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. John Murray.

Davis, P. (1992). Microcurrent: A modern healthcare modality. Rehab and Therapy Products Review, 10, 62-66.

de Lucas, B., Pérez, L. M., Bernal, A., & Gálvez, B. G. (2020). Ultrasound therapy: Experiences and perspectives for regenerative medicine. Genes, 11(9), Article 1086. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11091086

Dennis, C. (2003). Altered states: Changes to the genome that don’t affect DNA sequence may help to explain differences between genetically identical twins. Might these ‘epigenetic’ phenomena also underlie common diseases? Carina Dennis investigates. Nature, 421(6924), 686-688. https://doi.org/10.1038/421686a

Dill, K. A., & MacCallum, J. L. (2012). The protein-folding problem, 50 years on. Science, 338(6110), 1042-1046. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1219021

Dompe, C., Moncrieff, L., Matys, J., Grzech-Leśniak, K., Kocherova, I., Bryja, A., Bruska, M., Dominiak, M., Mozdziak, P., Skiba, T. H. I., Shibli, J. A., Angelova Volponi, A., Kempisty, B., & Dyszkiewicz-Konwinska, M. (2020). Photobiomodulation – Underlying mechanism and clinical applications. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(6), Article 1724. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061724

Dunitz, J. D., & Scheraga, H. A. (2004). Exercises in prognostication: Crystal structures and protein folding. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(40), 14309-14311. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0405744101

Dy, C. J., Colorado, B. S., Landau, A. J., & Brogan, D. M. (2021). Interpretation of electrodiagnostic studies – How to apply it to the practice of orthopaedic surgery. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 29(13), e646-e654. https://doi.org/10.5435/JAAOS-D-20-00322

Eddy, S. R. (2012). The C-value paradox, junk DNA and ENCODE. Current Biology, 22(21), R898- R899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.002

Ely, B. R., Clayton, Z. S., McCurdy, C. E., Pfeiffer, J., & Minson, C. T. (2017). Meta-inflammation and cardiometabolic disease in obesity: Can heat therapy help? Temperature, 5(1), 9-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2017.1384089

Elyamany, O., Leicht, G., Herrmann, C. S., & Mulert, C. (2021). Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS): From basic mechanisms towards first applications in psychiatry. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 271(1), 135-156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-020-01209-9

Erdmann, W., Kmita, H., Kosicki, J. Z., & Kaczmarek, Ł. (2021). How the geomagnetic field influences life on earth – An integrated approach to geomagnetobiology. Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, 51(3), 231-257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11084-021-09612-5

Estiningtyas, E., Novitayanti, E., Proborini, C. A., Cahyaningtyas, A. Y., & Muflikhun, M. A. (2024). Earthing method as a lifestyle medicine to accelerate the healing of chronic diabetic wounds. Journal of Health Science and Prevention, 8(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.29080/jhsp.v8i1.1145

Faisal Abdulkareem, A., & Qusai Hashim, A. (2024). Infrared medical thermography, medical applications, and its basic principles: A review. BIO Web of Conferences, 97, Article 00140. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20249700140

Falcioni, L., Bua, L., Tibaldi, E., Lauriola, M., de Angelis, L., Gnudi, F., Mandrioli, D., Manservigi, M., Manservisi, F., Manzoli, I., Menghetti, I., Montella, R., Panzacchi, S., Sgargi, D., Strollo, V., Vornoli, A., & Belpoggi, F. (2018). Report of final results regarding brain and heart tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed from prenatal life until natural death to mobile phone radiofrequency field representative of a 1.8 GHz GSM base station environmental emission. Environmental Research, 165, 496-503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.037

Fels, D. (2009). Cellular communication through light. PLoS ONE, 4(4), Article e5086. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005086

Flexner, A. (1910). Medical education in the United States and Canada: A report to the Carnegie Foundation for the advancement of teaching. Merrymount Press.

Fraga, M. F., Ballestar, E., Paz, M. F., Ropero, S., Setien, F., Ballestar, M. L., Heine-Suñer, D., Cigudosa, J. C., Urioste, M., Benitez, J., Boix-Chornet, M., Sanchez-Aguilera, A., Ling, C., Carlsson, E., Poulsen, P., Vaag, A., Stephan, Z., Spector, T. D., Wu, Y.-Z., … Esteller, M. (2005). Epigenetic differences arise during the lifetime of monozygotic twins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(30), 10604-10609. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0500398102

Funk, R. H. W. (2018). Coupling of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) therapy to molecular grounds of the cell. American Journal of Translational Research, 10(5), 1260-1272.

Funk, R. H. W., & Monsees, T. K. (2006). Effects of electromagnetic fields on cells: Physiological and therapeutical approaches and molecular mechanisms of interaction: A review. Cells Tissues Organs, 182(2), 59-78. https://doi.org/10.1159/000093061

Genuis, S. J., & Lipp, C. T. (2012). Electromagnetic hypersensitivity: Fact or fiction? Science of the Total Environment, 414, 103-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.008

Ghaly, M., & Teplitz, D. (2004). The biologic effects of grounding the human body during sleep as measured by cortisol levels and subjective reporting of sleep, pain, and stress. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 10(5), 767-776. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2004.10.767

Giardina, I. (2008). Collective behavior in animal groups: Theoretical models and empirical studies. HFSP Journal, 2(4), 205-219. https://doi.org/10.2976/1.2961038

Gilula, M. F. (2007). Cranial electrotherapy stimulation and fibromyalgia. Expert Review of Medical Devices, 4(4), 489-495. https://doi.org/10.1586/17434440.4.4.489

Ginsberg, M. R., Morren, J. A., & Levin, K. (2020). Using and interpreting electrodiagnostic tests. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 87(11), 671-682. https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.87a.19154

Giombini, A., Giovannini, V., di Cesare, A., Pacetti, P., Ichinoseki-Sekine, N., Shiraishi, M., Naito, H., & Maffulli, N. (2007). Hyperthermia induced by microwave diathermy in the management of muscle and tendon injuries. British Medical Bulletin, 83(1), 379-396. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldm020

Glaser, R. (1992). Current concepts of the interaction of weak electromagnetic fields with cells. Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics, 27(3), 255-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/0302-4598(92)87001-b

González-Gutiérrez, M. D., López-Garrido, Á., Cortés-Pérez, I., Obrero-Gaitán, E., León-Morillas, F., & Ibáñez-Vera, A. J. (2022). Effects of non-invasive radiofrequency diathermy in pelvic floor disorders: A systematic review. Medicina, 58(3), Article 437. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58030437

González-Muñoz, A., Cuevas-Cervera, M., Pérez-Montilla, J. J., Aguilar-Núñez, D., Hamed-Hamed, D., Aguilar-García, M., Pruimboom, L., & Navarro-Ledesma, S. (2023). Efficacy of photobiomodulation therapy in the treatment of pain and inflammation: A literature review. Healthcare, 11(7), Article 938. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11070938

Gorbanev, M. (2015). Can solar activity influence the occurrence of economic recessions? Journal of Scientific Exploration, 29(2), 235-264.

Goswami, A. (2011). The quantum doctor: A quantum physicist explains the healing power of integral medicine. Hampton Roads Publishing.

Gregory, T. R. (2001). Coincidence, coevolution, or causation? DNA content, cell size, and the C-value enigma. Biological Reviews, 76(1), 65-101. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1464793100005595

Gregory, T. R. (2005). The C-value enigma in plants and animals: A review of parallels and an appeal for partnership. Annals of Botany, 95(1), 133-146. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mci009

Griffin, M., & Bayat, A. (2011). Electrical stimulation in bone healing: Critical analysis by evaluating levels of evidence. Eplasty, 11, Article e34.

Gronowicz, G., Bengston, W., & Yount, G. (2015). Challenges for preclinical investigations of human biofield modalities. Global Advances in Health and Medicine, 4(Suppl.), 52-57. https://doi.org/10.7453/gahmj.2015.013.suppl

Guarneri, E., & King, R. P. (2015). Challenges and opportunities faced by biofield practitioners in global health and medicine: A white paper. Global Advances in Health and Medicine, 4(Suppl.), 89-96. https://doi.org/10.7453/gahmj.2015.024.suppl

Gutiérrez-Menéndez, A., Marcos-Nistal, M., Méndez, M., & Arias, J. L. (2020). Photobiomodulation as a promising new tool in the management of psychological disorders: A systematic review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 119, 242-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.10.002

Hammerschlag, R., Levin, M., McCraty, R., Bat, N., Ives, J. A., Lutgendorf, S. K., & Oschman, J. L. (2015). Biofield physiology: A framework for an emerging discipline. Global Advances in Health and Medicine, 4(Suppl.), 35-41. https://doi.org/10.7453/gahmj.2015.015.suppl

Handel, A. E., Ebers, G. C., & Ramagopalan, S. V. (2010). Epigenetics: Molecular mechanisms and implications for disease. Trends in Molecular Medicine, 16(1), 7-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2009.11.003

Hedendahl, L., Carlberg, M., & Hardell, L. (2015). Electromagnetic hypersensitivity – An increasing challenge to the medical profession. Reviews on Environmental Health, 30(4), 209-215. https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2015-0012

Hehir, M. K., & Logigian, E. L. (2013). Electrodiagnosis of myotonic disorders. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 24(1), 209-220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2012.08.015

Helmreich, S. (2013). Potential energy and the body electric: Cardiac waves, brain waves, and the making of quantities into qualities. Current Anthropology, 54(Suppl. 7), S139-S148. https://doi.org/10.1086/670968

Hernández-Bule, M. L., Naharro-Rodríguez, J., Bacci, S., & Fernández-Guarino, M. (2024). Unlocking the power of light on the skin: A comprehensive review on photobiomodulation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(8), Article 4483. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25084483

Hinde, R. A., & Harrison Matthews, L. (1958). The nest-building behaviour of domesticated canaries. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 131(1), 1-48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1958.tb00631.x

Ho, M. W., Tucker, C., Keeley, D., & Saunders, P. T. (1983). Effects of successive generations of ether treatment on penetrance and expression of the bithorax phenocopy in Drosophila Melanogaster. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 225(3), 357-368. https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1402250303

Hrushesky, W. J. M., Sothern, R. B., Du-Quiton, J., Quiton, D. F. T., Rietveld, W., & Boon, M. E. (2011). Sunspot dynamics are reflected in human physiology and pathophysiology. Astrobiology, 11(2), 93-103. https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2010.0574

Hubacher, J. (2015). The phantom leaf effect: A replication, part 1. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 21(2), 83-90. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2013.0182

Hufford, D. J., Sprengel, M., Ives, J. A., & Jonas, W. (2015). Barriers to the entry of biofield healing into “mainstream” healthcare. Global Advances in Health and Medicine, 4(Suppl.), 79-88. https://doi.org/10.7453/gahmj.2015.025.suppl

Hunckler, J., & de Mel, A. (2017). A current affair: Electrotherapy in wound healing. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 10, 179-194. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S127207

Hunting, E. R., Matthews, J., de Arróyabe Hernáez, P. F., England, S. J., Kourtidis, K., Koh, K., Nicoll, K., Harrison, R. G., Manser, K., Price, C., Dragovic, S., Cifra, M., Odzimek, A., & Robert, D. (2021). Challenges in coupling atmospheric electricity with biological systems. International Journal of Biometeorology, 65(1), 45-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-020-01960-7

Ives, J. A., van Wijk, E. P. A., Bat, N., Crawford, C., Walter, A., Jonas, W. B., van Wijk, R., & van der Greef, J. (2014). Ultraweak photon emission as a non-invasive health assessment: A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 9(2), Article e87401. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087401

Jablonka, E., & Lamb, M. J. (2015). The inheritance of acquired epigenetic variations. International Journal of Epidemiology, 44(4), 1094-1103. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyv020

Jain, S., & Mills, P. J. (2010). Biofield therapies: Helpful or full of hype? A best evidence synthesis. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 17(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-009-9062-4

Jain, S., Daubenmier, J., Muehsam, D., Rapgay, L., & Chopra, D. (2015). Indo-Tibetan philosophical and medical systems: Perspectives on the biofield. Global Advances in Health and Medicine, 4(Suppl.), 16-24. https://doi.org/10.7453/gahmj.2015.026.suppl

Jain, S., Hammerschlag, R., Mills, P., Cohen, L., Krieger, R., Vieten, C., & Lutgendorf, S. (2015). Clinical studies of biofield therapies: Summary, methodological challenges, and recommendations. Global Advances in Health and Medicine, 4(Suppl.), 58-66. https://doi.org/10.7453/gahmj.2015.034.suppl

Jain, S., Ives, J., Jonas, W., Hammerschlag, R., Muehsam, D., Vieten, C., Vicario, D., Chopra, D., King, R. P., & Guarneri, E. (2015). Biofield science and healing: An emerging frontier in medicine. Global Advances in Health and Medicine, 4(Suppl.), 5-7. https://doi.org/10.7453/gahmj.2015.106.suppl

Jalil, S. Z. A., Abdullah, H., & Taib, M. N. (2015). Detection of endogenous electromagnetic field of the human body. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 10(20), 9650-9658.

Janković, B. G., & Polović, N. Đ. (2017). The protein folding problem. Biologia Serbica, 39(1), 105-111. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.827151

Jiang, X., Savchenko, O., Li, Y., Qi, S., Yang, T., Zhang, W., & Chen, J. (2019). A review of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound for therapeutic applications. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 66(10), 2704-2718. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2018.2889669

Jo, J., & Lee, S. H. (2018). Heat therapy for primary dysmenorrhea: A systematic review and meta-analysis of its effects on pain relief and quality of life. Scientific Reports, 8, Article 16252. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-34303-z

Johnson, C., & Green, B. (2010). 100 years after the Flexner report: Reflections on its influence on chiropractic education [Editorial]. The Journal of Chiropractic Education, 24(2), 145-152. https://doi.org/10.7899/1042-5055-24.2.145

Kafatos, M. C., Chevalier, G., Chopra, D., Hubacher, J., Kak, S., & Theise, N. D. (2015). Biofield science: Current physics perspectives. Global Advances in Health and Medicine, 4(Suppl.), 25-34. https://doi.org/10.7453/gahmj.2015.011.suppl

Kamioka, H., Tsutani, K., Yamada, M., Park, H., Okuizumi, H., Tsuruoka, K., Honda, T., Okada, S., Park, S.-J., Kitayuguchi, J., Abe, T., Handa, S., Oshio, T., & Mutoh, Y. (2014). Effectiveness of music therapy: A summary of systematic reviews based on randomized controlled trials of music interventions. Patient Preference & Adherence, 8, 727-754. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S61340

Kanakis, A. K., Benetos, I. S., Evangelopoulos, D. S., Vlamis, J., Vasiliadis, E. S., Kotroni, A., & Pneumaticos, S. G. (2024). Electrical stimulation and motor function rehabilitation in spinal cord injury: A systematic review. Cureus, 16(5), Article e61436. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.61436

Kemper, K. J., & Danhauer, S. C. (2005). Music as therapy. Southern Medical Journal, 98(3), 282-288. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.SMJ.0000154773.11986.39

Kesztyüs, D., Brucher, S., Wilson, C., & Kesztyüs, T. (2023). Use of infrared thermography in medical diagnosis, screening, and disease monitoring: A scoping review. Medicina, 59(12), Article 2139. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59122139

Kheifets, L., Repacholi, M., Saunders, R., & van Deventer, E. (2005). The sensitivity of children to electromagnetic fields. Pediatrics, 116(2), e303-e313. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2004-2541

King, M.-C., & Wilson, A. C. (1975). Evolution at two levels in humans and chimpanzees. Science, 188(4184), 107-116. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1090005

Kipnis, N. (1987). Luigi Galvani and the debate on animal electricity, 1791–1800. Annals of Science, 44(2), 107-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/00033798700200151

Kirsch, D. L. (2006). Why electromedicine? Harnessing the electrochemical basis of biological processes, electromedicine offers a wide range of applications in the pain arena. Practical Pain Management, 6(5), 52-54.

Kishner, S., Gündüz, O. H., Munshi, S., Gupta, S., & Goyeneche, N. (2010). Electrodiagnosis in lumbar spinal stenosis: A review. Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 56(2), 75-80. https://doi.org/10.4274/tftr.56.75

Koch, A. J., & Meinhardt, H. (1994). Biological pattern formation: From basic mechanisms to complex structures. Reviews of Modern Physics, 66(4), 1481-1507. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.66.1481

Kshatriya, V. V., Kumbhare, M. R., Jadhav, S. V., Thorat, P. J., & Bhambarge, R. G. (2024). A review on electromedicine its various properties and emerging application in various fields. Intelligent Pharmacy, 2(6), 777-783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipha.2024.05.001

Kumar, S., Nirala, J. P., Behari, J., & Paulraj, R. (2014). Effect of electromagnetic irradiation produced by 3G mobile phone on male rat reproductive system in a simulated scenario. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 52(9), 890-897.

Lahiri, B. B., Bagavathiappan, S., Jayakumar, T., & Philip, J. (2012). Medical applications of infrared thermography: A review. Infrared Physics & Technology, 55(4), 221-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2012.03.007

Lampe, K. E. (1998). Electrotherapy in tissue repair. Journal of Hand Therapy, 11(2), 131-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0894-1130(98)80011-2

Landau, M. E., & Campbell, W. W. (2013). Clinical features and electrodiagnosis of ulnar neuropathies. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 24(1), 49-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2012.08.019

Latham, J. (2011, April 17). The failure of the genome: If inherited genes are not to blame for our most common illnesses, how can we find out what is? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/apr/17/human-genome-genetics-twin-studies

Laufer, Y., & Dar, G. (2012). Effectiveness of thermal and athermal short-wave diathermy for the management of knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 20(9), 957-966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2012.05.005

Lee, H. K., Ahn, S. J., Shin, Y. M., Kang, N., & Cauraugh, J. H. (2019). Does transcranial direct current stimulation improve functional locomotion in people with Parkinson’s disease? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 16(1), Article 84. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-019-0562-4

Leskowitz, E. (2014). Phantom limb pain: An energy/trauma model. Explore, 10(6), 389-397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2014.08.003

Leskowitz, E. (2022). A cartography of energy medicine: From subtle anatomy to energy physiology. Explore, 18(2), 152-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2020.09.008

Levin, M. (2009). Bioelectric mechanisms in regeneration: Unique aspects and future perspectives. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology, 20(5), 543-556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.04.013

Levin, M. (2011). The wisdom of the body: Future techniques and approaches to morphogenetic fields in regenerative medicine, developmental biology and cancer. Regenerative Medicine, 6(6), 667-673. https://doi.org/10.2217/rme.11.69

Levin, M. (2012). Morphogenetic fields in embryogenesis, regeneration, and cancer: Non-local control of complex patterning. BioSystems, 109(3), 243-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2012.04.005

Levitt, B. B., & Lai, H. (2010). Biological effects from exposure to electromagnetic radiation emitted by cell tower base stations and other antenna arrays. Environmental Reviews, 18(NA), 369-395. https://doi.org/10.1139/A10-018

Liboff, A. R. (2004). Toward an electromagnetic paradigm for biology and medicine. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 10(1), 41-47. https://doi.org/10.1089/107555304322848940

Liboff, A. R. (2007). Local and holistic electromagnetic therapies. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 26(4), 315-325. https://doi.org/10.1080/15368370701766785

Liu, Q., Li, M., Wang, W., Jin, S., Piao, H., Jiang, Y., Li, N., & Yao, H. (2025). Infrared thermography in clinical practice: A literature review. European Journal of Medical Research, 30(1), Article 33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-025-02278-z

Lorenz, K. Z. (1958). The evolution of behavior. Scientific American, 199(6), 67-74, 76, 78. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24944850

Luo, R., Dai, J., Zhang, J., & Li, Z. (2021). Accelerated skin wound healing by electrical stimulation. Advanced Healthcare Materials, 10(16), Article 2100557. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202100557

MacDermid, J. C., & Doherty, T. (2004). Clinical and electrodiagnostic testing of carpal tunnel syndrome: A narrative review. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 34(10), 565-588. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2004.34.10.565

Maddox, J. (1988). Crystals from first principles. Nature, 335(6187), 201. https://doi.org/10.1038/335201a0

Mangione, L., Swengros, D., & Anderson, J. G. (2017). Mental health wellness and biofield therapies: An integrative review. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 38(11), 930-944. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2017.1364808

Manolio, T. A., Collins, F. S., Cox, N. J., Goldstein, D. B., Hindorff, L. A., Hunter, D. J., McCarthy, M. I., Ramos, E. M., Cardon, L. R., Chakravarti, A., Cho, J. H., Guttmacher, A. E., Kong, A., Kruglyak, L., Mardis, E., Rotimi, C. N., Slatkin, M., Valle, D., Whittemore, A. S., … Visscher, P. M. (2009). Finding the missing heritability of complex diseases. Nature, 461(7265), 747-753. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08494

Mansouri, V., Arjmand, B., Rezaei Tavirani, M., Razzaghi, M., Rostami-Nejad, M., & Hamdieh, M. (2020). Evaluation of efficacy of low-level laser therapy. Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences, 11(4), 369-380. https://doi.org/10.34172/jlms.2020.60

Mansukhani, K. A. (2013). Electrodiagnosis in traumatic brachial plexus injury. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 16(1), 19-25. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-2327.107682

Marquardt, R. J., & Levin, K. H. (2021). Electrodiagnostic assessment of radiculopathies. Neurologic Clinics, 39(4), 983-995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2021.06.011

Matos, L. C., Machado, J. P., Monteiro, F. J., & Greten, H. J. (2021). Perspectives, measurability and effects of non-contact biofield-based practices: A narrative review of quantitative research. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(12), Article 6397. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126397

Mattsson, M.-O., & Simkó, M. (2019). Emerging medical applications based on non-ionizing electromagnetic fields from 0 Hz to 10 THz. Medical Devices: Evidence and Research, 12, 347-368. https://doi.org/10.2147/MDER.S214152

Mayer, Y., Shibli, J. A., Saada, H. A., Melo, M., Gabay, E., Barak, S., & Ginesin, O. (2024). Pulsed electromagnetic therapy: Literature review and current update. Brazilian Dental Journal, 35, Article e246109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440202406109

McCraty, R. (2017). New frontiers in heart rate variability and social coherence research: Techniques, technologies, and implications for improving group dynamics and outcomes. Frontiers in Public Health, 5, Article 267. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00267

McCraty, R., & Al Abdulgader, A. (2021). Consciousness, the human heart and the global energetic field environment. Cardiology & Vascular Research, 5(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-8486.S1-1002

McCraty, R., & Childre, D. (2010). Coherence: Bridging personal, social, and global health. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 16(4), 10-24.

McCraty, R., & Zayas, M. A. (2014). Cardiac coherence, self-regulation, autonomic stability, and psychosocial well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, Article 1090. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01090

McCraty, R., Atkinson, M., Stolc, V., Al Abdulgader, A., Vainoras, A., & Ragulskis, M. (2017). Synchronization of human autonomic nervous system rhythms with geomagnetic activity in human subjects. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(7), Article 770. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070770

McCraty, R., Atkinson, M., Tomasino, D., & Bradley, R. T. (2009). The coherent heart: Heart–brain interactions, psychophysiological coherence, and the emergence of system-wide order. Integral Review, 5(2), 10-115.

McCraty, R., Deyhle, A., & Childre, D. (2012). The Global Coherence Initiative: Creating a coherent planetary standing wave. Global Advances in Health and Medicine, 1(1), 64-77. https://doi.org/10.7453/gahmj.2012.1.1.013

McCredden, J. E., Cook, N., Weller, S., & Leach, V. (2022). Wireless technology is an environmental stressor requiring new understanding and approaches in health care. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, Article 986315. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.986315

McK. Ciombor, D., & Aaron, R. K. (2005). The role of electrical stimulation in bone repair. Foot and Ankle Clinics, 10(4), 579-593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcl.2005.06.006

Menigoz, W., Latz, T. T., Ely, R. A., Kamei, C., Melvin, G., & Sinatra, D. (2020). Integrative and lifestyle medicine strategies should include earthing (grounding): Review of research evidence and clinical observations. Explore, 16(3), 152-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2019.10.005

Miller, I., & Lonetree, B. (2013). The Sedona effect: Correlations between geomagnetic anomalies, EEG brainwaves & Schumann resonance. Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research, 4(6), 630-656.

Mintser, O. P., Potiazhenko, M. M., & Nevoit, G. V. (2019). Evaluation of the human bioelectromagnetic field in medicine: The development of methodology and prospects are at the present scientific stage. Wiadomości Lekarskie, 72(5 cz 2), 1117-1121. https://doi.org/10.36740/WLek201905231

Mintser, O. P., Semenets, V. V., Potiazhenko, M. M., Podpruzhnykov, P. M., & Nevoit, G. V. (2020). The study of the electromagnetic component of the human body as a diagnostic indicator in the examination of patients with non-communicable diseases: Problem statement. Wiadomości Lekarskie, 73(6), 1279-1283. https://doi.org/10.36740/WLek202006139

Moore, P. B., Hendrickson, W. A., Henderson, R., & Brunger, A. T. (2022). The protein-folding problem: Not yet solved. Science, 375(6580), 507. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abn9422

Morgan, H. D., Sutherland, H. G. E., Martin, D. I. K., & Whitelaw, E. (1999). Epigenetic inheritance at the agouti locus in the mouse. Nature Genetics, 23(3), 314-318. https://doi.org/10.1038/15490

Mould, R. R., Mackenzie, A. M., Kalampouka, I., Nunn, A. V. W., Thomas, E. L., Bell, J. D., & Botchway, S. W. (2024). Ultra weak photon emission – A brief review. Frontiers in Physiology, 15, Article 1348915. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1348915

Movaffaghi, Z., & Farsi, M. (2009). Biofield therapies: Biophysical basis and biological regulations? Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 15(1), 35-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2008.07.001

Muehsam, D., & Ventura, C. (2014). Life rhythm as a symphony of oscillatory patterns: Electromagnetic energy and sound vibration modulates gene expression for biological signaling and healing. Global Advances in Health and Medicine, 3(2), 40-55. https://doi.org/10.7453/gahmj.2014.008

Muehsam, D., Chevalier, G., Barsotti, T., & Gurfein, B. T. (2015). An overview of biofield devices. Global Advances in Health and Medicine, 4(Suppl.), 42-51. https://doi.org/10.7453/gahmj.2015.022.suppl

Mukand, A. (2024). Medical applications of sound therapy: A narrative review of its efficacy in treatment and healing modalities. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research, 11(12), a634-a653.

Narasimhan, S. (2020). A handle on the scandal: Data driven approaches to structure prediction. APL Materials, 8(4), Article 040903. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0003256

Nasutavičienė, D., Grygieńć, S., Poškaitis, V., Tamulionytė, V., McCraty, R., & Vainoras, A. (2019). Interactions between Earth’s local magnetic field and cardiovascular system parameters of women, performing sedentary work, during their workweek. Journal of Complexity in Health Sciences, 2(1), 13-22. https://doi.org/10.21595/chs.2019.20857

National Institute of General Medical Sciences. (2007). The structures of life. NIH Publication No. 07-2778. https://books.google.it/books?id=9fgSS4Q9ZyIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=it&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

National Institutes of Health. (1995). Alternative medicine – Expanding medical horizons: A report to the National Institutes of Health on alternative medical systems and practices in the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office.

Neal, R. D., & Colledge, M. (2000). The effect of the full moon on general practice consultation rates. Family Practice, 17(6), 472-474. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/17.6.472

Nevoit, G., Landauskas, M., McCarty, R., Bumblyte, I. A., Potyazhenko, M., Taletaviciene, G., Jarusevicius, G., & Vainoras, A. (2025). Schumann resonances and the human body: Questions about interactions, problems and prospects. Applied Sciences, 15(1), Article 449. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15010449

Olson, M. V., & Varki, A. (2004). The chimpanzee genome – A bittersweet celebration. Science, 305(5681), 191-192. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1100975

Oschman, J. L. (2007). Can electrons act as antioxidants? A review and commentary. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 13(9), 955-967. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2007.7048

Oschman, J. L. (2009). Charge transfer in the living matrix. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 13(3), 215-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2008.06.005

Oschman, J. L. (2011). Chronic disease: Are we missing something? [Editorial]. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 17(4), 283-285. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2011.0101

Oschman, J. L. (2023). Illnesses in technologically advanced societies due to lack of grounding (earthing). Biomedical Journal, 46(1), 17-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bj.2022.10.004

Oschman, J. L., Chevalier, G., & Brown, R. (2015). The effects of grounding (earthing) on inflammation, the immune response, wound healing, and prevention and treatment of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Journal of Inflammation Research, 8, 83-96. https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S69656

Osiak, K., Mazurek, A., Pękala, P., Koziej, M., Walocha, J. A., & Pasternak, A. (2021). Electrodiagnostic studies in the surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome – A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(12), Article 2691. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10122691

Ospelt, C. (2022). A brief history of epigenetics. Immunology Letters, 249, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2022.08.001

Owen, R., & Ramlakhan, S. (2017). Infrared thermography in paediatrics: A narrative review of clinical use. BMJ Paediatrics Open, 1(1), Article e000080. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2017-000080

Oyedum, O. D., Nwohu, M. N., Ocheni, A. U. U., & Moses, A. S. (2024). Bio-interaction mechanism of occupational extremely low-frequency magnetic field and its potential effects on human. Journal of Applied Science & Process Engineering, 11(1), 49-59. https://doi.org/10.33736/jaspe.6346.2024

Paganoni, S., & Amato, A. (2013). Electrodiagnostic evaluation of myopathies. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 24(1), 193-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2012.08.017

Palmer, S. J., Rycroft, M. J., & Cermack, M. (2006). Solar and geomagnetic activity, extremely low frequency magnetic and electric fields and human health at the Earth’s surface. Surveys in Geophysics, 27(5), 557-595. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-006-9010-7

Panagopoulos, D. J. (2013). Electromagnetic interaction between environmental fields and living systems determines health and well-being. In M.-H. Kwang, & S.-O. Yoon (Eds.), Electromagnetic fields: Principles, engineering applications and biophysical effects (pp. 87-130). Nova Science Publishers.

Panagopoulos, D. J., Chavdoula, E. D., & Margaritis, L. H. (2010). Bioeffects of mobile telephony radiation in relation to its intensity or distance from the antenna. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 86(5), 345-357. https://doi.org/10.3109/09553000903567961

Pandey, N., Giri, S., Das, S., & Upadhaya, P. (2016). Radiofrequency radiation (900 MHz)-induced DNA damage and cell cycle arrest in testicular germ cells in Swiss albino mice. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 33(4), 373-384. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748233716671206

Paolucci, T., Pezzi, L., Centra, A. M., Giannandrea, N., Bellomo, R. G., & Saggini, R. (2020). Electromagnetic field therapy: A rehabilitative perspective in the management of musculoskeletal pain – A systematic review. Journal of Pain Research, 13, 1385-1400. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S231778

Parent, A. (2004). Giovanni Aldini: From animal electricity to human brain stimulation. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 31(4), 576-584. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0317167100003851

Parizek, D., Visnovcova, N., Hamza Sladicekova, K., Misek, J., Jakus, J., Jakusova, J., Kohan, M., Visnovcová, Z., Ferencova, N., & Tonhajzerova, I. (2023). Electromagnetic fields - Do they pose a cardiovascular risk? Physiological Research, 72(2), 199-208. https://doi.org/10.33549/physiolres.934938

Patel, K., & Horak, H. A. (2021). Electrodiagnosis of common mononeuropathies: Median, ulnar, and fibular (peroneal) neuropathies. Neurologic Clinics, 39(4), 939-955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2021.06.004

Perestelo-Pérez, L., Rivero-Santana, A., Pérez-Ramos, J., Serrano-Pérez, P., Panetta, J., & Hilarion, P. (2014). Deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Neurology, 261(11), 2051-2060. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-014-7254-6

Persinger, M. A., & Saroka, K. S. (2015). Human quantitative electroencephalographic and Schumann resonance exhibit real-time coherence of spectral power densities: Implications for interactive information processing. Journal of Signal and Information Processing, 6(2), 153-164. https://doi.org/10.4236/jsip.2015.62015

Piccolino, M. (1998). Animal electricity and the birth of electrophysiology: The legacy of Luigi Galvani. Brain Research Bulletin, 46(5), 381-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0361-9230(98)00026-4

Piccolino, M. (2006). Luigi Galvani’s path to animal electricity. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 329(5-6), 303-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2006.03.002

Piccolino, M., & Wade, N. J. (2012). Carlo Matteucci (1811¬¬–1868), the “frogs pile”, and the Risorgimento of electrophysiology. Cortex, 48(6), 645-646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2011.08.002

Pizzey, F. K., Smith, E. C., Ruediger, S. L., Keating, S. E., Askew, C. D., Coombes, J. S., & Bailey, T. G. (2021). The effect of heat therapy on blood pressure and peripheral vascular function: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Experimental Physiology, 106(6), 1317-1334. https://doi.org/10.1113/EP089424

Playfair, G. L., & Hill, S. (1979). The cycles of heaven: Cosmic forces and what they are doing to you. Avon Books.

Popp, F. A., Li, K. H., & Gu, Q. (1992). Recent advances in biophoton research and its applications. World Scientific.

Popp, F.-A. (2003). Properties of biophotons and their theoretical implications. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 41(5), 391-402.

Popp, F.-A., & Klimek, W. (2007). Photon sucking as an essential principle of biological regulation. In L. V. Beloussov, V. L. Voeikov, & V. S. Martynyuk (Eds.), Biophotonics and coherent systems in biology (pp. 17-32). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-28417-0_2

Price, C., Williams, E., Elhalel, G., & Sentman, D. (2021). Natural ELF fields in the atmosphere and in living organisms. International Journal of Biometeorology, 65(1), 85-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-020-01864-6

Price, L. R., Briley, J., & Hitching, R. (2020). A meta-analyses of cranial electrotherapy stimulation in the treatment of insomnia. Annals of Psychiatry and Mental Health, 8(3), Article 1157.

Price, L., Briley, J., Haltiwanger, S., & Hitching, R. (2021). A meta-analysis of cranial electrotherapy stimulation in the treatment of depression. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 135, 119-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.12.043

Qiu, J. (2006). Unfinished symphony: To correctly ‘play’ the DNA score in our genome, cells must read another notation that overlays it – The epigenetic code. A global effort to decode it is now in the making, reports Jane Qiu. Nature, 441(7090), 143-145. https://doi.org/10.1038/441143a

Rajendran, S. B., Challen, K., Wright, K. L., & Hardy, J. G. (2021). Electrical stimulation to enhance wound healing. Journal of Functional Biomaterials, 12(2), Article 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb12020040

Ramirez-GarciaLuna, J. L., Bartlett, R., Arriaga-Caballero, J. E., Fraser, R. D. J., & Saiko, G. (2022). Infrared thermography in wound care, surgery, and sports medicine: A review. Frontiers in Physiology, 13, Article 838528. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.838528

Rein, G. (2004). Bioinformation within the biofield: Beyond bioelectromagnetics. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 10(1), 59-68. https://doi.org/10.1089/107555304322848968

Rindfleisch, J. A. (2010). Biofield therapies: Energy medicine and primary care. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice, 37(1), 165-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2009.09.012

Ring, E. F. J., & Ammer, K. (2012). Infrared thermal imaging in medicine. Physiological Measurement, 33(3), R33-R46. https://doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/33/3/R33

Röösli, M., Jüni, P., Braun-Fahrländer, C., Brinkhof, M. W. G., Low, N., & Egger, M. (2006). Sleepless night, the moon is bright: Longitudinal study of lunar phase and sleep. Journal of Sleep Research, 15(2), 149-153. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2006.00520.x

Rosch, P. J. (2009). Bioelectromagnetic and subtle energy medicine: The interface between mind and matter. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1172(1), 297-311. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04535.x

Ross, C. L., & Harrison, B. S. (2015). An introduction to electromagnetic field therapy and immune function: A brief history and current status. Journal of Science and Applications: BioMedicine, 3(2), 18-29.

Ross, C. L., Teli, T., & Harrison, B. S. (2016). Electromagnetic field devices and their effects on nociception and peripheral inflammatory pain mechanisms. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 22(3), 52-64.

Rothenbuhler, W. C. (1964). Behavior genetics of nest cleaning in honey bees. IV. Responses of F1 and backcross generations to disease-killed brood. American Zoologist, 4(2), 111-123. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/4.2.111

Royal, F. F., & Royal, D. F. (1991). A review of the history and scientific bases of electrodiagnosis and its relationship to homeopathy and acupuncture. American Journal of Acupuncture, 19(2), 137-152.

Rubik, B. (1995). Energy medicine and the unifying concept of information. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 1(1), 34-39.

Rubik, B. (2002). The biofield hypothesis: Its biophysical basis and role in medicine. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 8(6), 703-717. https://doi.org/10.1089/10755530260511711

Rubik, B. (2015). The biofield: Bridge between mind and body. Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy, 11(2), 83-96.

Rubik, B., & Jabs, H. (2017). Effects of intention, energy healing, and mind-body states on biophoton emission. Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy, 13(2), 227-247.

Rubik, B., Muehsam, D., Hammerschlag, R., & Jain, S. (2015). Biofield science and healing: History, terminology, and concepts. Global Advances in Health and Medicine, 4(Suppl.), 8-14. https://doi.org/10.7453/gahmj.2015.038.suppl

Sage, C., & Burgio, E. (2017). Electromagnetic fields, pulsed radiofrequency radiation, and epigenetics: How wireless technologies may affect childhood development. Child Development, 89(1), 129-136. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12824

Said-Salman, I. H., Jebaii, F. A., Yusef, H. H., & Moustafa, M. E. (2019). Evaluation of Wi-Fi radiation effects on antibiotic susceptibility, metabolic activity and biofilm formation by Escherichia coli 0157H7, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis. Journal of Biomedical Physics and Engineering, 9(5), 579-586. https://doi.org/10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.1106

Salehpour, F., Mahmoudi, J., Kamari, F., Sadigh-Eteghad, S., Rasta, S. H., & Hamblin, M. R. (2018). Brain photobiomodulation therapy: A narrative review. Molecular Neurobiology, 55(8), 6601-6636. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-017-0852-4

Salford, L. G., Brun, A. E., Eberhardt, J. L., Malmgren, L., & Persson, B. R. R. (2003). Nerve cell damage in mammalian brain after exposure to microwaves from GSM mobile phones. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111(7), 881-883. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6039

Saroka, K. S., & Persinger, M. A. (2014). Quantitative evidence for direct effects between Earth-ionosphere Schumann resonances and human cerebral cortical activity. International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy, 39(2), 166-194. https://doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ILCPA.39.166

Saroka, K. S., Vares, D. E., & Persinger, M. A. (2016). Similar spectral power densities within the Schumann resonance and a large population of quantitative electroencephalographic profiles: Supportive evidence for Koenig and Pobachenko. PLoS ONE, 11(1), Article e0146595. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0146595

Saroka, K., Mulligan, B. P., Murphy, T. R., & Persinger, M. A. (2010). Experimental elicitation of an out of body experience and concomitant cross‐hemispheric electroencephalographic coherence. NeuroQuantology, 8(4), 466-477. https://doi.org/10.14704/nq.2010.8.4.302

Sehic, A., Guo, S., Cho, K.-S., Corraya, R. M., Chen, D. F., & Utheim, T. P. (2016). Electrical stimulation as a means for improving vision. The American Journal of Pathology, 186(11), 2783-2797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.07.017

Sellman, S. (2007). Electropollution, hormones and cancer. NEXUS, 14(5), 1-7.

Sen, A., Heredia, N., Senut, M.-C., Land, S., Hollocher, K., Lu, X., Dereski, M. O., & Ruden, D. M. (2015). Multigenerational epigenetic inheritance in humans: DNA methylation changes associated with maternal exposure to lead can be transmitted to the grandchildren. Scientific Reports, 5, Article 14466. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep14466

Seomun, G., Lee, J., & Park, J. (2021). Exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields and childhood cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 16(5), Article e0251628. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251628

Seyhan, A. U., Hökenek, N. M., Başkaya, N., Yilmaz, E., Korkut, S., Önder Karagöz, H. K., & Almadhoun, H. (2019). The effects of moon phases on suicide attempts. Eurasian Journal of Toxicology, 1(2), 53-56.

Sheldrake, R. (2006). Morphic fields. World Futures, 62(1-2), 31-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/02604020500406248

Sheldrake, R. (2009). Morphic resonance: The nature of formative causation. Park Street Press.

Sheldrake, R. (2012). The presence of the past: Morphic resonance and the memory of nature. Park Street Press.

Shuhaiber, J. H., Fava, J. L., Shin, T., Dobrilovic, N., Ehsan, A., Bert, A., & Sellke, F. (2013). The influence of seasons and lunar cycle on hospital outcomes following ascending aortic dissection repair. Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery, 17(5), 818-822. https://doi.org/10.1093/icvts/ivt299

Sinatra, S. T., Sinatra, D. S., Sinatra, S. W., & Chevalier, G. (2023). Grounding – The universal anti-inflammatory remedy. Biomedical Journal, 46(1), 11-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bj.2022.12.002

Sjödin, A., Hjorth, M. F., Damsgaard, C. T., Ritz, C., Astrup, A., & Michaelsen, K. F. (2015). Physical activity, sleep duration and metabolic health in children fluctuate with the lunar cycle: Science behind the myth. Clinical Obesity, 5(2), 60-66. https://doi.org/10.1111/cob.12092

Skjærvø, G. R., Fossøy, F., & Røskaft, E. (2015). Solar activity at birth predicted infant survival and women’s fertility in historical Norway. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 282(1801), Article 20142032. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2032

Smith, A. P. (1978). An investigation of the mechanisms underlying nest construction in the mud wasp Paralastor sp. (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae). Animal Behavior, 26(1), 232-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(78)90023-4

Smith, M., Croy, I., & Persson Waye, K. (2014). Human sleep and cortical reactivity are influenced by lunar phase. Current Biology, 24(12), R551-R552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.05.018

Sokal, P., & Sokal, K. (2011). The neuromodulative role of earthing. Medical Hypotheses, 77(5), 824-826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2011.07.046

Sorate, R. R., Kharat, A. G., Dharmadhikari, N. P., Pimplikar, S. S., Narang, G., Deshmukh, D., Bhagwat, S., & Sorate, S. (2012). Geopathic stress aspect for sustainable development of built environment. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2(12), 171-173.

Sorate, R. R., Zode, P. M., Hire, H. B., Kharat, A. G., Dharmadhikari, N. P., & Pimplikar, S. S. (2014). Geopathic stress: A threat to the built environment. International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science, 3(5), 30-32.

Spencer, T., & Harris, H. (1964). Regulation of enzyme synthesis in an enucleate cell. Biochemical Journal, 91(2), 282-286. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0910282

Sprengel, M. L., Teo, L., Allen, S., Ijssennagger, N., Hammerschlag, R., Dyer, N. L., & Crawford, C. (2025). Biofield therapies clinical research landscape: A scoping review and interactive evidence map. Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1089/jicm.2024.0773

Stahnisch, F. W., & Verhoef, M. (2012). The Flexner report of 1910 and its impact on complementary and alternative medicine and psychiatry in North America in the 20th century. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Article 647896. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/647896

Stegemann, T., Geretsegger, M., Quoc, E. P., Riedl, H., & Smetana, M. (2019). Music therapy and other music-based interventions in pediatric health care: An overview. Medicines, 6(1), Article 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines6010025

Swanson, C. (2008). The torsion field and the aura. Subtle Energies & Energy Medicine, 19(3), 43-89.

Swanson, C. (2016). Life force, the scientific basis: Breakthrough physics of energy medicine, healing, Chi and quantum consciousness (Vol. 2 of The Synchronized Universe series). Poseidia Press.

Szentkuti, A., Skala Kavanagh, H., & Grazio, S. (2011). Infrared thermography and image analysis for biomedical use. Periodicum Biologorum, 113(4), 385-392. https://hrcak.srce.hr/76943

Taheri, M., Mortazavi, S. M. J., Moradi, M., Mansouri, S., Hatam, G. R., & Nouri, F. (2017). Evaluation of the effect of radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi router and mobile phone simulator on the antibacterial susceptibility of pathogenic bacteria Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli. Dose-Response, 15(1), Article 1559325816688527. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559325816688527

Teli, S. S., Velou, M. S., Paramasivam, L., & Divya, D. (2015). An experimental study on immediate effect of direct barefoot contact with earth on prehypertension. International Journal of Medical Research and Review, 3(8), 836-840. https://doi.org/10.17511/ijmrr.2015.i8.157

Thakral, G., LaFontaine, J., Najafi, B., Talal, T. K., Kim, P., & Lavery, L. A. (2013). Electrical stimulation to accelerate wound healing. Diabetic Foot & Ankle, 4(1), Article 22081. https://doi.org/10.3402/dfa.v4i0.22081

Thakur, T. S., Dubey, R., & Desiraju, G. R. (2015). Crystal structure and prediction. Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, 66(1), 21-42. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physchem-040214-121452

Tiller, W. A. (1977). Towards a future medicine based on controlled energy fields. Phoenix, 1(1), 5-16.

Tiller, W. A. (1993). What are subtle energies? Journal of Scientific Exploration, 7(3), 293-304.

Tiller, W. A. (1995). Subtle energies in energy medicine. Frontier Perspectives, 4(2), 17-21.

Tong, E. S., & Kong, C. K. (2021). An overview of impact of geopathic stress on environment and human health. Progress in Drug Discovery & Biomedical Science, 4(1), Article a0000174. https://doi.org/10.36877/pddbs.a0000174

Tripathy, T., Das, S., Pratap Singh, D., Jojo, B., Dwivedi, R., Sahu, D. R., Tripathy, B., Gautam, M., Tripathy, A., Tripathy, S., Prusty, U., Mohan Mishra, M., Krushna Pattanaik, J., & Bihary Pradhan, P. (2024). Flexner report & homoeopathy. SAS Journal of Medicine, 10(5), 435-437. https://doi.org/10.36347/sasjm.2024.v10i05.031

Turrell, W. J. (1936). Electrotherapy and its future. British Medical Journal, 2(3959), 1022-1026. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.3959.1022

Tyler, S. E. B. (2017). Nature’s electric potential: A systematic review of the role of bioelectricity in wound healing and regenerative processes in animals, humans, and plants. Frontiers in Physiology, 8, Article 627. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00627

Uddin, S. M. Z., Komatsu, D. E., Motyka, T., & Petterson, S. (2021). Low-intensity continuous ultrasound therapies – A systematic review of current state-of-the-art and future perspectives. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(12), Article 2698. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10122698

van Maanen, A., Meijer, A. M., van der Heijden, K. B., & Oort, F. J. (2016). The effects of light therapy on sleep problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 29, 52-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2015.08.009

van Wijk, E. P. A., Ackerman, J., & van Wijk, R. (2005). Effect of meditation on ultraweak photon emission from hands and forehead. Forschende Komplementärmedizin und Klassische Naturheilkunde, 12(2), 107-112. https://doi.org/10.1159/000084028

van Wijk, E. P. A., Lüdtke, R., & van Wijk, R. (2008). Differential effects of relaxation techniques on ultraweak photon emission. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 14(3), 241-250. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2007.7185

van Wijk, E. P. A., van Wijk, R., & Bajpai, R. P. (2008). Quantum squeezed state analysis of spontaneous ultra weak light photon emission of practitioners of meditation and control subjects. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 46(5), 345-352.

van Wijk, R. (2001). Bio-photons and bio-communication. Journal of Scientific Exploration, 15(2), 183-197.

van Wijk, R., & van Wijk, E. P. A. (2005). An introduction to human biophoton emission. Forschende Komplementärmedizin und Klassische Naturheilkunde, 12(2), 77-83. https://doi.org/10.1159/000083763

Vanden Driessche, T., Petiau de Vries, G. M., & Guisset, J.-L. (1997). Differentiation, growth and morphogenesis: Acetabularia as a model system. New Phytologist, 135(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00575.x

Vargesson, N. (2019). Positional information – A concept underpinning our understanding of developmental biology. Developmental Dynamics, 249(3), 298-312. https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.116

Villota-Salazar, N. A., Mendoza-Mendoza, A., & González-Prieto, J. M. (2016). Epigenetics: From the past to the present. Frontiers in Life Science, 9(4), 347-370. https://doi.org/10.1080/21553769.2016.1249033

Volkow, N. D., Tomasi, D., Wang, G.-J., Vaska, P., Fowler, J. S., Telang, F., Alexoff, D., Logan, J., & Wong, C. (2011). Effects of cell phone radiofrequency signal exposure on brain glucose metabolism. Journal of the American Medical Association, 305(8), 808-813. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.186

Waddington, C. H. (1953). Genetic assimilation of an acquired character. Evolution, 7(2), 118-126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1953.tb00070.x

Waddington, C. H. (1956). Genetic assimilation of the bithorax phenotype. Evolution, 10(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.2307/2406091

Wagai, T. (2007). Studies on the foundation and development of diagnostic ultrasound. Proceedings of the Japan Academy Series B: Physical and Biological Sciences, 83(8), 256-265. https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab/83.256

Wang, L. (2013). Electrodiagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 24(1), 67-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2012.09.001

Wang, Y., Kropp, J., & Morozova, N. (2020). Biological notion of positional information/value in morphogenesis theory. The International Journal of Developmental Biology, 64, 453-463. https://doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.190342nm

Waterland, R. A., & Jirtle, R. L. (2003). Transposable elements: Targets for early nutritional effects on epigenetic gene regulation. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 23(15), 5293-5300. https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.23.15.5293-5300.2003

Webb, P. (1980). The measurement of energy exchange in man: An analysis. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 33(6), 1299-1310. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/33.6.1299

Werner, R. A., & Andary, M. (2011). Electrodiagnostic evaluation of carpal tunnel syndrome. Muscle & Nerve, 44(4), 597-607. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.22208

Wing, S., Rider, L. G., Johnson, J. R., Miller, F. W., Matteson, E. L., Crowson, C. S., & Gabriel, S. E. (2015). Do solar cycles influence giant cell arteritis and rheumatoid arthritis incidence? BMJ Open, 5(5), Article e006636. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006636

Woodard, G. D., & McCrone, W. C. (1975). Unusual crystallization behaviour [Letter to the editor]. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 8(2), 342. https://doi.org/10.1107/S002188987501062X

Yoon, B.-A., Bae, J. S., & Kim, J. K. (2020). Electrognostic findings of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology, 22(1), 13-18. https://doi.org/10.14253/acn.2020.22.1.13

Young, W. (2015). Electrical stimulation and motor recovery. Cell Transplantation, 24(3), 429-446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/096368915X686904

Žaja, I. Ž., Vince, S., Butković, I., Senaši, K., Milas, N. P., Malarić, K., Lojkić, M., Folnožić, I., Tur, S. M., Kreszinger, M., Samardžija, M., Čipčić, S., Žura, N., Ostović, M., & Vilić, M. (2024). The distribution of boars spermatozoa in morphometrically distinct subpopulations after in vitro exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation at 2500 MHz and their motility. Animals, 14(6), Article 828. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14060828

Zapata, F., Pastor-Ruiz, V., Ortega-Ojeda, F., Montalvo, G., Ruiz-Zolle, A. V., & García-Ruiz, C. (2021). Human ultra-weak photon emission as non-invasive spectroscopic tool for diagnosis of internal states - A review. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 216, Article 112141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112141

Zenchenko, T. A., & Breus, T. K. (2021). The possible effect of space weather factors on various physiological systems of the human organism. Atmosphere, 12(3), Article 346. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030346

Zimecki, M. (2006). The lunar cycle: Effects on human and animal behavior and physiology. Advances in Hygiene and Experimental Medicine, 60, 1-7.

Downloads

Published

13-07-2025

How to Cite

Miraglia, F. E. (2025). Biofield and Electric Body: Bridging Ancient Knowledge and Modern Science, Contextualizing and Demystifying Energy Medicine. Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy, 21(1), 646–699. Retrieved from https://cosmosandhistory.org/index.php/journal/article/view/1229